Tuesday, 6 January 2015

How to transfer your loan from one bank to another ?

1. Get below documents from your current bank loan centre:
* foreclosing letter : This includes the amount to be paid(outstanding amount), if we want to close the loan today etc.. 
* loan tracking letter : This includes the tracking of your EMIs completed etc..

2. Apply for the loan in new bank for the same amount(outstanding amount).

3. New bank will provide you a DD for the same amount.

4. You can submit this DD to the current bank loan centre.

5. It will take few days(nearly 7-9 days) to process the request. Thats it.

Tuesday, 30 December 2014

TCP/IP protocol layers overview - Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer and Network Interface layer


Protocol: 

     Its like a language through which 2 machines can talk to each other.

TCP/IP protocol: 

     It is a family of protocols for communication between computers. 

TCP(Transmission Control Protocol): 

      TCP is responsible for breaking data down into small packets before they can be set over a network, and for assembling the packets again when they arrive.

IP(Internet Protocol): 

     IP takes care of the communication between computers. It is responsible for addressing, sending and receiving the data packets over the Internet.

There are 4 layers in TCP/IP protocol:(Each layer is nothing but a computer program running on every computer)

1. Application layer 
Eg: SMTP(for email), FTP(for file transfer), HTTP(for browsing)

2. Transport layer
Eg: TCP, UDP

3. Internet layer
Eg: IP

4. Network Interface layer


How TCP/IP layers work ?

1.  Applications talks to application layer. Each type of application choses different application protocol(SMTP, FTP, HTTP etc..) depending on the purpose. For example, when ever you type "www.example.com" in your browser, browser will talk to HTTP protocol in TCP/IP application layer. Application layer processes the application's request and talks to a protocol on the transport layer.
                       
2.  Transport layer divides the data received from application layer into packets and send them to Internet layer.
                       
3.  Internet layer adds IP address of the computer that is sending data and the IP address of the computer that will receive the data on each packet and send the packets to Network Interface layer.
               
4.  Network Interface layer sends the packets(called as datagrams in this layer) over the network.
               
5.  The packets transferred over the network are called frames. 
               
6.  Network Interface layer receives packets from network
       
7.  Internet layer receives the packets from Network layer and removes the addressing part.
       
8.  Transport layer gets packets from Internet layer and puts the packets received in order because they can arrive out of order. And sends acknowledgement to transmitter after ensuring that no damage happened to the packets. If no acknowledgement is sent, transmitter re-sends the data.
       
9.  Application layer gets the original data sent by the application.

Please find the above steps in the below diagram:




Friday, 26 December 2014

CVS commands - create repository, add project, checkout source code, cvs diff, commit, tag, create and merge branch. CVS codes - ?, A, C, M, P, U, R


Create a repository with name ‘cvsRepository’:

                cvs -d path_to_repository init
                Eg: cvs -d /usr/local/cvsRepository init

Tell CVS where your repository is:

                setenv CVSROOT path_to_repository
                Eg: setenv CVSROOT /usr/local/cvsRepository
                                (or)
                export CVSROOT=path_to_repository
                Eg: export CVSROOT=/usr/local/cvsRepository

Add project 'proj' to repository:
                
Somewhere in your home directory execute the below commands:
               1.       mkdir proj
               2.       cd proj
               3.       cvs import proj vendor_tag release_tag
               4.       cvs co proj
               5.       Create file and folders that need to be in project
               6.       cvs add subfolders/files (need to commit if files)
                      [
                       To add all the folders recursively: 
                                find . -type d -print | grep -v CVS | xargs cvs add
                       To add all the files recursively:
                                find . -type f -print | grep -v CVS | xargs cvs add
                      ]
                                    
Getting the source:
           
                if CVSROOT is set:
                                cvs checkout proj
                if CVSROOT is not set:
                                cvs -d path_to_repository checkout proj

Viewing differences:

                Diff one or more files:
                                cvs diff file1 file2 file3
                Diff entire directory:
                                cvs diff
               
Committing your changes:

                Commit one or more files:
                                cvs commit file1 file2 file3
                Commit along with log message:
                                cvs commit -m "Fixed so and so bug" file1 file2 file3
                Commit the changes in the entire directory:
                                cvs commit

Tagging:
                Tag one or more files:
                                cvs tag tag_name file1 file2 file3
                Tag entire directory:
                                cvs tag tag_name
               
Creating branch:

                Mark base point for the branch in Trunk:
                                cvs tag base_tag_name
                Create branch:
                                cvs tag -r base_tag_name -b branch_name 
                Mark the start point of the branch in branch:
                                cvs tag branch_start_tag_name

Merging branch:

                1. cvs tag branch_end_tag_name
                2. cvs co -r HEAD proj
                3. cvs -d up -j branch_start_tag_name -j branch_end_tag_name
                4. cvs up -d
                5. cvs diff -r branch_start_tag_name -r branch_end_tag_name > branch_diff
                6. cvs diff > cvs_diff

                7. If branch_diff & cvs_diff are same
                                cvs commit


Code (Meaning) - Description

? (what?) - It's not a file in CVS. CVS knows nothing about this file

A (Added) - This is a file you just added to CVS but not yet committed. You have to commit it before others can see it.

C (Conflicted) - A Conflict occurred when you did CVS update. The conflicted lines are marked with special characters and you need to manually resolve the conflicts.

M (Modified) - You have modified this file. It's different from what's in CVS and you need to commit (check in) the file to persist your changes in CVS

P (Patched) - This file was patched when you did CVS update. The effect is the same as U (update), but the changes were so small that CVS decided to send a patch (P) instead of a whole file (U).

U (Updated) - This file was updated when you ran CVS update. It could be a file that already existed on the local drive, or a new file brought down from the CVS repository.

R (Removed) - You asked CVS to remove this file but you haven't committed the removal.




Tuesday, 23 December 2014

How to Redirect a URL

There are several reasons to redirect a URL. You may have moved content from one domain to another and need to redirect visitors from the old site to the new one. You may have several domains that need to be directed to a single website. Or you may need to direct a website without the "www" to the proper site. A manual error page and redirect from the old site to the new one is the simplest option, but not always the best one. For a website that already has a lot of traffic and good search results, manual redirection means starting from scratch and building traffic all over again. In addition, visitors may become frustrated by having to click on a link. In the methods discussed here, traffic still goes to the old domain, but is redirected to the new one. In time, as search engines update their databases, the new domain will pick up search results. The difficulty in learning how to redirect a URL depends on what code the website is written in and how much experience you have with editing code.

Method 1 of 6: Prepare the New Domain and Files

  1. 1
    Make sure the new domain is directed to your hosted account.
  2. 2
    Download the files from the old domain to your local computer. Keep the same directory structure and file names.
  3. 3
    Upload the files from the old domain to the new domain.
  4. 4
    Click the start button and choose “Accessories” and “Notepad” to open a text editor.

Method 2 of 6: Use a META Command to Redirect the URL

  1. 1
    Open the “index.html” or the file that you want to redirect.
  2. 2
    Position the cursor after the HEAD tag in the code.
  3. 3
    Type in the following:
    • <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=http://www.newsite.com/newurl.html">
    • "0" here stands for number of seconds before redirect happens. The www.newsite.com/newurl.html line is the website and the specific webpage that the page is to be redirected to.
  4. 4
    Add text to create a custom error page, if desired. Include an announcement that the site has moved. Add the new site name, with a link that can be clicked manually. Change the refresh time so that it allows the reader enough time to read the message.
  5. 5
    Save the file.

Method 3 of 6: Use an htaccess File

  1. 1
    Find out if your website is running on an Apache server. The htaccess file on an Apache web server handles error requests, redirection and other requests.
  2. 2
    Understand 300 http codes. The code "301" is most commonly used on redirected sites, and means "moved permanently".
  3. 3
    Type or paste the following code into the text file:
    • RewriteEngine On
      RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.newdomain.com/$1 [L,R=301]
    • “L” indicates that it’s the last instruction and “R” means redirect, and “301” means a permanent redirect.
  4. 4
    Learn how to redirect a url with spaces in the name, dynamic pages, sub-domains and other special features by searching online.
  5. 5
    Change “newdomain.com” to the actual domain name.
  6. 6
    Click “save.” Change the dropdown list to “all files.” Save the file as .htaccess with no extension.

Method 4 of 6: Upload and Test the File

  1. 1
    Rename any existing .htaccess files or html files with the same name to keep a backup copy. Use .htaccessbackup or something similar so that you can find and recognize the file if you need to do a restore.
  2. 2
    Upload the modified file to the root directory of the old domain.
  3. 3
    Type the old domain name in your web browser. It should redirect to the new site.

Method 5 of 6: Use a Service

  1. 1
    Various URL redirection services are available to handle the technical bits for you. Depending on your needs, these services may be free or have a small fee associated with their use.
    • Usually you just need to edit a DNS record for a domain name you own.

Method 6 of 6: Use Other Code

  1. 1
    Find out what code your site is written in. There are different commands for each type of code.
    • You can find code for PHP, ASP, ColdFusion and Javascript redirects online.

Friday, 19 December 2014

15 Tips for Being Happy at Work

Try these 15 proven tactics that will make you happy at workplace.

1. Have a Sense of Meaning

In 1983 Steve Jobs convinced future Apple CEO John Sculley to leave his job at PepsiCo by asking him one question: “Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water or do you want a chance to change the world?”
Why was this so effective? Besides sparking his curiosity and imagination, it gave Scully the chance to do meaningful work. This has been backed by research from Wharton management professor Adam Grant, who has found that “employees who know how their work has a meaningful, positive impact on others are not just happier than those who don’t; they are vastly more productive, too.” Additional research from Harvard professor Teresa Amabile has discovered that no matter the size of a goal–whether curing cancer or helping a colleague–having a sense of meaning can contribute to happiness in the workplace.

2. Create an ‘Office Nest’

Jennifer Star, a founding partner of the Balance Team, notes on Monster that since you spend so much time at work, if you want to improve your happiness there you should “make your space your own, decorate your area as much as your company policy permits, and make yourself as comfortable and relaxed as you can be in your office.”

3. Find a Work Best Friend

Research from my free hosting startup Hostt has found “that having a best friend at work can turn a moderately engaged worker into a highly engaged worker.” When I hire people, I try and really pay attention to referrals of workers. When workers are engaged in friendships they contribute more to the bottom line.
Christine Riordan states in the Harvard Business Review that employees who “have friends at work perceive their job as more fun, enjoyable, worthwhile, and satisfying.” Furthermore, having friends at work can create a support system, comradery and a sense of loyalty.

4. Smile

Something as simple as smiling can improve your happiness at work because it tells your brain to be more happy–thanks to the release of neuropeptides. Smiling is also contagious and will make your co-workers smile as well.

5. Leave Personal Problems at Home

Julie Morgenstern, author of Time Management From the Inside Out, informs CBS News that “when your personal life is in tumult, a lot of emotional hijacking goes on. Emotions consume you and stress exhausts you.” When it happens that you have an inordinate amount of stress, it will seem like your work is never ending, you will watch the clock, and you will be distracted from being more productive.
While it’s easy for your personal life to carry over into your professional life, make sure that you attend to personal matters before heading out for the workday.

6. Be Future Oriented

According to experts like Geoffrey James, “you’ll make better decisions and be more satisfied with your results if you know that most of what you’re doing in your work at this time still fits into your long-term plans and goals. That’s only possible if you keep those plans and goals in the forefront.”

7. Say ‘Thank You’

Based on experiments from Professor Francesca Gino of the Harvard Business School and Professor Adam Grant of the Wharton School, “receiving expressions of gratitude makes us feel a heightened sense of self-worth, and that in turn triggers other helpful behaviors toward both the person we are helping and other people that are around us, too.”
In fact, their experiments have discovered that 66% of students helped a fellow student named “Eric” because he thanked them in advance for reviewing his cover letter.
Instead of just saying “thank you” to your peers–and even receptionists and maintenance–you can be proactive and ask for feedback to receive some much-deserved gratitude. Definitely don’t ask again if a person you have previously asked is determined to make you feel unappreciated, or if they are continually condemning you or your team.

8. Take a Breather

It’s incredibly easy to get burned out during the workday. That’s why you need to take a minute and breath before moving on to your next task. Sharon Salzberg, author of Real Happiness at Work, informs Business Insider that “without some breathing space in the face of constant demands, we won’t be creative, competent, or cheerful.” She also adds that by not taking a break, “we won’t get along with others as well, and we won’t take criticism without the possibility of imploding. It is a must to control the level of our daily stress.”
My friend and marketing expert Liv Longley states that employees also need to take time off to recharge from the stress of work. In fact, taking a vacation not only relieves stress and recharges us, it can also improve our overall health and make us more productive at work.

9. Eat Healthy and Stay Hydrated

According to Shirly Weiss, a certified holistic health and nutritional counselor and consulting expert for the Balance Team, “maintaining a good diet and keeping yourself properly hydrated throughout your workday can really make a big difference in your energy level and attitude.”
Instead of hitting the vending machine for lunch, have meals that involve yogurt, asparagus, honey, cherry tomatoes. Eating foods that keep your blood sugar within a normal range will stop headaches and fatigue, as well as help you concentrate better.

10. Get Organized

Chrystal Doucette suggests on Chron.com that having an organized workplace will help you be better prepared and work more efficiently. It can also improve your happiness since a “clean desk makes the work environment seem less hectic and stressful.” In short, you have enough stress with work, so avoid the additional stress that clutter and scrambling for lost items will cause.

11. Don’t Multitask

Despite the myth, multitasking isn’t effective. Clifford Nass, a psychology professor at Stanford University claims that multitasking “wastes more time than it saves.” He also states that it decreases concentration and creativity.
Instead of getting overwhelmed by the amount of work you’re trying to juggle through multitasking, focus on one task at a time. Many do well with a simple checklist to accomplish this.

12. Accept People for Who They Are

You can’t change who people are. Instead of letting their personalities or actions affect you, take a step back. You could try techniques like counting to 10 before responding to them, avoiding finger-pointing, and maintaining a professional attitude. There are many fantastic books on this subject as well.

13. Move Around

Whether it’s finding the time to take a walk outside, run up and down the stairs on your break, stretch, or do a 10-minute exercise, moving around throughout the workday has a number of beneficial effects–even if you already exercise and eat healthy.
As Lifehacker points out, sitting all day and working on a computer can lead to health concerns like weight gain, heart disease, eye strain, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
In short, when you feel better, you’ll be in a better place mood-wise as well.

14. Reward Yourself

Whether it’s by going out to dinner with your significant other, purchasing a new gadget, enjoying a piece of candy, or giving yourself a pat on the back, (the politician applause), find the time to reward yourself after you’ve completed a project or had a fruitful day.
You can even take that a step further and prime yourself to be happy. Research has found that doctors who prepared themselves to be happy were able to reach a diagnosis twice as fast as their colleagues.

15. Reflect on the Day


Why are you working so hard? You can answer that question by reflecting on the day and recalling something that was positive. When you record these moments in your notebook, smartphone, tablet, etc., you’ll have a reminder of why your work matters to you. You can refer to these statements of positive reflection whenever you need a boost.

Source: http://time.com/3616993/tips-happy-work/?lang=en&utm_campaign=10today&flab_cell_id=2&flab_experiment_id=19&uid=12274661&utm_content=article&utm_source=email&part=s1&utm_medium=10today.1205&position=8&china_variant=False


Thursday, 18 December 2014

Copying files from windows to linux and linux to windows using pscp.exe

Copying files from windows to linux and linux to windows can be achieved by pscp.exe(PuTTY secure copy client). This comes along with the putty installation.
You can install putty from http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html
Generally, putty installation directory is: C:\Program Files\PuTTY

In command prompt we have to execute the commands like below:
Linux => Windows :
pscp.exe username@hostname:sourcepath_on_linux/file1 destinationpath_on_windows
 This command copies the file1 from linux to windows machine into the given destination path.
           
Windows => Linux :
pscp.exe sourcepath_on_windows\file2 username@hostname:destinationpath_on_linux
This command copies the file1 from windows to linux machine into the given destination path.


Friday, 12 December 2014

Color settings in putty

This document explains how to alter the color settings.

1.  Launch the PuTTY software.  Select your saved session name from the Saved Sessions listbox control and click the Load button shown in this figure.


2.  In the left-hand pane labeled Category, expand the Window node and select the Colours option (see above figure).  The screen will now appear as shown in the figure below.



3.  One easy to read configuration is to change the screen background to white with black text color.  Make these changes to achieve this configuration.
·         Select Default Foreground: Enter numeric 0 (Zero) for Red, Green and Blue (Red – 0, Green – 0, Blue – 0). Alternatively you can click Modify button and select 'black' color under Basic colors.
·         Select Default Background:  Enter 255 for Red, Green and Blue (Red – 255, Green – 255, Blue – 255). Alternatively you can click Modify button and select 'white' color under Basic colors.
·         Default Bold Background:  This is used to set the color of bold letters on screen.  Values that work well are: (Red – 165, Green – 5, Blue 37). 
·         Cursor Colour:  You can set this to any color except white in case of a white background.  Recommended:  (Red – 0, Green – 255, Blue – 0).  The cursor will be a green block (box).
4.  Save the settings by clicking on Session in the left-hand pane – ensure the session you selected in Step 1 above is displayed in the Saved Sessions textbox and click the Save button.